Accrual Concept

An associated concept to be discussed in the context of ‘matching principle’ is the accrual
system of accounting which is favoured by the modern accountants as against cash system of
accounting. Under this method revenue recognition depends on its realisation and not actual
receipt. Likewise costs are recognised when they are incurred and not when paid. This necessitates
certain adjustments in the preparation of income statement. In relation to revenue, the
accounts should exclude amounts relating to subsequent period and provide for revenue
recognised but not received in cash. Likewise, in relation to cost provide for costs incurred but
not paid and exclude costs paid for subsequent period. Under the cash system of accounting
revenue recognition does not take place until cash is received and costs are recorded only after
they are paid. From the discussion it is clear that the matching principle is not followed in the
case of cash system of accounting and the operating result prepared on this basis are not in
conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. There are hybrid systems of accounting
which combine the features of cash and accrual systems and are also recognised by
taxation authorities. Under hybrid system certain revenues may be shown on cash basis while
others are shown on accrual basis.